LAMPRANTHUS

This genus of 225-odd species from South Africa and Namibia contains many popular succulent garden plants, justifiably loved for their masses of colorful flowers, which are produced year-round, and especially in spring and summer. Most forms are low-growing mats or short shrubs, with pairs of short, waxy, cylindrical to triangular, yellow-green to blue-green leaves. The lustrous flowers open in the morning and close in the late afternoon, and are produced in such profusion that they usually obscure the entire plant body. Colors include pure white, red, yellow, orange, pink, and intermediate shades including bicolored forms. Curiously called pig face in Australia, the genus name is more complimentary; it comes from the Greek words lampros (bright) and anthos (flower).


CULTIVATION


Lampranthus species and their cultivars are reasonably easy to grow, though gardeners must remember not to over-water them. They are somewhat frost tender plants; however, they can withstand periods of drought. Grow either from cuttings or from seed.


Top Tip


These hardy plants are ideal choices for gardeners who want attractive but low-maintenance plants. They are useful in rockeries, flowerbeds, banks, and borders.

LAGERSTROEMIA

This genus belongs to the Lythraceae family and consists of about 5.3 species of mostly small evergreen or deciduous trees, occurring naturally from tropical Asia to Australia. A few species are widely bred, with many cultivars. They generally have simple variable leaves that are usually opposite, and capsular fruits. Their showy flowers have crinkled petals, somewhat crepelike in texture, and appear in differing shades of pink, mauve, and white. Lagerstroemia species make superb landscape subjects, valuable not only for their brightly colored flowers, but also for their attractive, often peeling, smooth bark, and colored autumn foliage. Some species have provided timber for furniture, bridges, and railway sleepers.


CULTIVATION


These trees are mostly easy to grow, and can cope with a wide variety of soils. They grow best in full sun in well-drained soil and are tolerant of light frosts. Propagate from seed or half-hardened cuttings in summer, or from hardwood cuttings in early winter.


Top Tip


Powdery mildew can be a problem with Lagestroemia species, but cultivars such as the modern American hybrid L. 'Natchez' offer better disease resistance.

LAELIA

This genus consists of around 50 species of mostly epiphytic orchids, occurring naturally from Central America to Brazil and Argentina. They are a popular group, appreciated for their easily grown, showy, and colorful flowers. Most have elongated bulblike stems, which bear 1, sometimes 2, thick semi-rigid leaves. Rather beautiful flowers are borne from the apex, or tip, of the stem, and they can vary greatly in size and color. Shades of white, pink, purple, and yellow are common, through with the introduction of the Laeliacattleya hybrids, wich are a result of interbreeding between the Laelia and Cattleya genera, there are now even more colors to choose from.


CULTIVATION


Most Laelia species require bright, warm, and moist conditions while the plants are in active growth during the summer months; cool dry conditions are best during winter, when most species are dormant. Cultivated plants must have drainage that is unimpeded, and they can be mounted or grown in pots using a coarse bark-based medium.


Top Tip


In general, Laelia plants do not like being disturbed. They need bright light, and will withstand long periods of drought. Apply a nitrogen fertilizer in summer.

KNIPHOFIA

Most of the nearly 70 species in this aloe family (Aloeaceae) genus are native to South Africa. They are clump-forming perennials with grassy to sword-shaped, often ever-green foliage that emerges from vigorous rhizomes. From summer to autumn, bod spikes of intensely colored flowers are borne in bottlebrush heads at the top of strong, tall, upright stems, giving rise to the common names of red-hot poker and torch lily. Many hybrids and cultivars have been raised in a variety of sizes and flower colors; apart from the original yellows and oranges, white and red flowers are now also available. Kniphofia plants, named for the German professor Johann Hieronymus Kniphof (1704-1763), make excellent cut flowers.


CULTIVATION


Hardiness varies, though none will tolerate repeated heavy frosts. They are best planted in an open sunny position with moist, humus-rich, well-drained soil. Water and feed well when in active growth. The bulk will tolerate salt winds and thrive near the coast. Propagation is usually by division after flowering, or from seed.


Top Tip


Choose a mixture of the original yellow and orange flowering species, with their old-fashioned charm, and the newer cultivars, which delight with their bolder colors.

KALMIA

This genus of 7 species of shrubs in the family Ericaceae was named for Dr.Pehr Kalm, a botanist and explorer of the east coast of North America in the 1770s. Most species are evergreen and native to northeastern U.S.A., with a single species occurring in Cuba. They are grown for their attractive foliage and showy flowers, which range in color from pale pink to deep red. The leaves are smooth, opposite or alternate, deep green on the upper surface but paler on the underside, and occasionally stalkless. The attention-seeking flowers are bowl- or saucer-shaped and are generally borne in dense clusters, held well clear of the foliage. All make ideal border plants.


CULTIVATION


Kalmia species are at home in slightly acid peaty soil. Dappled shade under tall deciduous trees in a cool moist climate is ideal. Little pruning is necessary apart from the removal of spent flower clusters. Propagate from seed, which should be collected as soon as ripe and sown the following spring.


Top Tip


These plants are best suited to low-maintenance and informal garden schemes, where they can grow to their natural size and blooms can be best appreciated.

KALANCHOE

This genus contains about 125 species of succulent shrubs, herbs, and climbers distributed mainly throughout tropical regions of Africa and Madagascar as well as parts of Asia. They are usually grown for their interesting foliage forms although a few bear vibrantly colored tubular flowers, including flaming Katie (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana), which make them popular house plants. Growth habits range from low sprawling subshrubs to tall treelike plants, with a similarly wide variation in leaves, from small to large, glossy to felted, and gray-frosted to dark green. The genus has been extensively hybridized and, though the original species bore bright red flowers, the choice now includes white-, yellow-, pink-, and purple-flowering forms.


CULTIVATION


In all but the warmest climates these plants require indoor or greenhouse cultivation and should be grown in a moderately fertile gritty potting mix. If grown outdoors, they need a sunny sheltered position in humus-rich well-drained soil and should be kept reasonably dry in winter. Propagation is commonly by stem or leaf cuttings, or from seed sown in spring.


Top Tip


These plants are ideal for indoor and balcony use. Prune after flowering has finished to ensure good future blooms; reporting can be done at this time as well.

JASMINUM

Famed for the fragrance of its flowers, this genus from Africa and Asia (with a lone American species) includes some 200 species of deciduous, semi-deciduous, and evergreen shrubs and woody-stemmed climbers. Both shrubs and climbers flower generously, though the foliage, which varies greatly in colr and texture, will also add interest to a trellis or rock garden. The flowers, which are borne in clusters at the branch tips and leaf axils, are tubular with 5 widely flared lobes. They are most commonly white, white flushed pink, or yelow, and can be scentless to almost overpoweringly fragant. Many properties are attributed to the plant's perfume, which is widely regarded to be an aphrodisiac.


CULTIVATION


Jasmines vary in hardiness depending on their origins, though few will tolerate repeated severe frosts. They are averse to drought, preferring moist, humus-rich, well-drained soil, and a position in full sun or partial shade. In suitable climates most species grow rapidly and some can become rather invasive. Propagate from seed, cuttings, or layers.


Top Tip


Popular in cottage gardens and a useful companion plant, jasmines can be kept neat and tidy if pinched back and pruned in spring before new growth occurs.

IXIA

Commonly known as corn lilies or wand flowers, this South African iris family (Iridaceae) genus contains some 50 species of corms with fine grassy foliage that is usually quite short in comparison to the tall, wiry, often arching flower stems. The flowers are simple 5- or 6-petalled structures, often star-shaped, and are borne massed in spikes at the stem tips. There are many cultivars, which are often brightly colored or many be pale with brighter markings. They also occur in some unusual shades, such as pale blue-green. It is a pity that the name of such beautiful flowers has rather an unpleasant origin: ixia is a Greek word for bird droppings, apparently a reference to the sticky sap.


CULTIVATION


Easily grown in a sunny position, Ixia species prefer a light well-drained soil. In hot areas the flowers will last longer in shade. Water well in spring but allow to dry off after flowering. Propagation is usually from off-sets or by division of the corms, less commonly from seed. Plant bulbs 2-3 in (5-8 cm) apart.


Top Tip 


In a sunny spot, Ixia plants will flatten out their cup-shaped flowers to soak up the sun. In cooler climates they do best in a green-house environment.

IRIS

There are 300-odd species of iries scattered over the northern temperate zones, occurring in bullous-and rhizomatous-rooted forms. Those with very fine stolonlike rhizomes are sometimes called fibrous rooted. Iris, the type genus for the family Iridaceae, is named for the Greek goddess of the rainbow. Extremely popular, irises have been cultivated since the time of the Egyptian pharaoh Thutmosis I, around 1500  B.C. The leaves, often arranged in fans, are sword-shaped and sometimes variegated. The flowers come in all colors and have 6 petals, usually in the typical fleur-de-lis pattern of 3 upright standards and 3 downward-curving falls. Tennessee claims Iris germanica as its floral emblem.


CULTIVATION


There are 4 categories: bog irises need a sunny position near pond margins or in damp soil; woodland irises thrive in dappled sunlight in moist well-drained soil; bearded irises should be dried off after flowering; and rockery irises require moist, well-drained, gritty soil. Propagation is usually by division when dormant, less commonly from seed.


Top Tip


With their impressive flowers held high on slender stems, irises will perform best in a location with plenty of sun, but with protection from buffeting winds.

IPOMOEA

More than half of the 500-odd species of twining climbers, annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, and small trees in this large and variable genus originated in the Americas. Commonly known as morning glory, they are widely cultivated in tropical to warm-temperate areas for their showy flowers and vigorous growth. The genus is notable for easy culture, quick growth, and beautiful bell-shaped to tubular flowers appearing in colors ranging from purple through red to blue, white, or yellow. Individual flowers can be short lived but may open in succession in heads or on stalks. Some species, including the sweet potato (Ipormoea batatas), have tuberous roots that are edible.


CULTIVATION


These plants prefer full sun and plenty of water in the growing season, but will make the best of most conditions. Some species are propagated from softwood or half-hardened cuttings. Seeds are better started under glass. Germination may be improved by cutting a notch in the seed or soaking in warm water.


Top Tip


The climbing ipomoea species, such as I.nil or 1. horsfalliae, can be trained over arches, pergolas, fences, and trellises or over a cliff or steep grade.

IMPATIENS

Variously known as balsam, busy lizzie, or water fuchsia, this genus of around 850 species of annuals, perennials, and subshrubs is widely distributed throughout the subtropics and tropics of Asia and Africa. They are generally soft-stemmed plants with simple, pointed, lance-shaped leaves that often have toothed edges. The flowers occur in many different colors, appear throughout the year in mild areas, and have 5 petals-an upper standard and the lower 4 fused into 2 pairs. The sepals are also partly fused to form a spur. The flowers are followed by seed pods that, when ripe, explosively eject their contents at the slightest touch. This memorable feature has given rise to the genus name Impatiens, which is Latin for impatient.


CULTIVATION


The annuals are grown as summer plants in cooler climates; the perennials are fairly tender and need mild winters. Shade from hot sun and plant in deep, cool, moist, humus-rich soil. Water and feed well. Propagate annuals from seed and perennials from cuttings. Some species self-sow and may be invasive.


Top Tip


Most impatiens species make great indoor specimens, either in pots or hanging baskets. Keep the soil moist and tip prune to encourage more compact growth.

IBERIS

Popular for the bold effect of their massed heads of white, pink, mauve, or purple flowers, the 30-odd annuals, perennials, and subshrubs in this cabbage family (Brassicaceae) genus occur naturally in western and southern Europe and western Asia. They generally have simple, small, narrow leaves, and when not in flower form a rounded bush. The flowerheads open in spring or summer and are borne on short stems that hold them clear of the foliage. Both the genus and common name refer to the home of these plants; Iberis is derived from Iberia, the Roman name for Spain, while candytuft means "the tufted plant from Candia", the former name for Crete.


CULTIVATION


Plant in a sunny position in light, moist, well-drained soil. Deadhead regularly to encourage continuous blooming. Iberis plants appreciate a light dressing of dolomite lime. They are useful as ground covers, in rock gardens, and in massed displays. Propagate annuals from seed, and the perennials and subshrubs from seed or small cuttings.


Top Tip


Iberis species make great cut flowers, and because the flowerheads are showy and some-times fragrant, they are also a popular choice for floral arrangements.

HYDRANGEA

There are about 100 species of deciduous and evergreen shrubs, trees, and climbers in this genus. They are native to eastern Asia and North and South America, where they grow in moist woodland areas. Though famed for their profusion of cheerful blooms, the foliage, with large oval leaves, often with serrated edges, makes a pleasant back-drop. Flowerheads are made up of very small fertile flowers surrounded by larger, eye-catching, 4-petalled, sterile florets. They may be conical, flat-topped (lacecap), or rounded (mophead), and usually emerge in spring and summer. Colors range from white through to red, purple, and blue and, in Hydrangea macrophylla, these can vary depending on the soil-acid soils produce blue flowers and alkaline soils produce reds and pinks.


CULTIVATION


This is an adaptable genus suitable for a range of situations. Position in sun or dappled shade with good composted soil, and feed lightly. Propagate from seed or tip cuttings in spring, or hardwood cuttings in winter.


Top Tip


Hydrangeas are equally at home in borders, in group plantings, or in containers, but they do need some protection from cold winds.

HYACINTHUS

The type genus for its family, the Hyacinthaceae, Hyacinthus contains just 3 species of spring-flowering bulbs found throughout western and central Asia. The glossy green leaves are narrow and straplike, rolling slightly inward toward the center of the plant. The flowers, a widely flared tubular bell-shape, are crowded in clusters on sturdy flower spikes. The garden cultivars come in a range of colors, from white to creamy yellow and shades of pink, red, and purple. Although famed for its scent, only 1 species, the common Hyacinthus orientalis, is especially fragrant. According to Greek mythology, this flower grew from the bleeding wound of Hyacinth, a boy loved by the god Apollo.


CULTIVATION


For spring flowers plant the bulbs in autumn, positioned in half sun with deep, cool, moist, well-drained soil. Plant bulbs at a depth of about 4 in (10 cm), and after initially watering in, only water during winter if conditions are exceptionally dry. Although the bulbs multiply by themselves, showy modern strains tend to weaken with age, bearing fewer flowers, and will need to be replaced annually.


Top Tip


Flowering potted hyacinths make a lovely gift. Because they are available in colors ranging from blue and pink to purple and white, there's a hyacinth to suit everyone.

HIPPEASTRUM

Also known as amaryllis and knight's star lily, this genus of around 80 species belongs to the bulb family and is indigenous to the Americas.They produce long, straplike, rather fleshy leaves and magnificient, large, funnel-shaped flowers borne on strong flower stems. The flowers are made up of 6 petals occurring in 2 whorls of 3 petals with widely varying patterns. Flowers bloom in late winter, and are white, pink, or rd; different species show an even wider color range. There are many common cultivars. The name Hippeastrum comes from the Greek hippos (horse) and astrum (of the flower), and refers to the resemblance between the shape of the flowerhead and a horse's head.


CULTIVATION


Grow outdoors in frost-free areas or as green-house plants in cooler climates. Plant with the tip of the bulb exposed, in moist humus-rich woil. Plenty of water and feeding during the growing period will encourage large flowers. Allow the bulb to dry off after the foliage dies down and flowering finishes. These plants can only be grown from bulbs.


Top Tip


All Hippeastrum make suitable potted house plants and flower well indoors. They grow best in a good-quality loam-based potting mix.

HIBISCUS

This genus of over 200 annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, or trees is found throughout warm-temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions of the world. The species are mostly grown for their large, open, bell-shaped flowers, which grow as single flowers or in clusters. They are made up of 5 overlapping petals with a central column of fused stamens surrounded by a darker coloring in the center of the flower. Colors include white, yellow, and orange as well as dramatic pinks, purple, and reds. The beautiful flowers are followed by a fruit capsule. The light to dark green simple leaves grow alternately on the stem and take the shape of an outspread hand. Hibiscus backenridgei is the state flower of Hawaii.


CULTIVATION


Most species of hibiscus are susceptible to drought and are frost tender, needing a position in full sun with a rich and moist soil. The annuals are best grown from seed, while perennial varieties of hibiscus are propagated from seed or by division.


Top Tip


Hibiscus species are usually easy to grow, but they do need a warm position, and regular watering and feeding during the growing season. To keep the plant shape, trim after flowering.

HEMEROCALLIS

Once grouped with the true lilies, this small genus of 15 species of fleshy-root perennials from temperate East Asia is now the type genus for its own family, the Hemerocallidaceae. The plants form clumps of grassy or irislike leaves with funnel- to bell-shaped flowers held aloft on sturdy stems. Flowers come in a variety of forms and in shades of warm yellow, apricot, red and mauve. Individual flowers last only a day-hence the common name of daylily-although the plants do produce a succession of blooms lasting from late spring until autumn. All parts, especially the buds and flowers, are edible and may be added to salads or used as a colorful garnish. Stamens can be used as a saffron color substitute.


CULTIVATION


Hemerocallis plants are hardy and are easily grown in a sunny or partly shaded position with fertile, moist, well-drained soil. The flowers turn to face the sun, which is an important consideration when positioning the plants in the garden. Propagation is usually by division.


Top Tip


Every few years it is a good idea to lift and divide clumps of daylilies as this will help to maintain vigor. Evergreen daylilies should be divided in spring.

HELLEBORUS

This genus comprising 15 species belongs to the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) and is found in temperate zones from Europe to western China. They are mostly low-growing plants with hand-shaped, often toothed, short-stemmed, deep green leaves that emerge from a fleshy root-stock. The simple, 5-petalled, bowl-shaped flowers appear from mid-winter through to spring and occur in unusual shades of green, dusky pink, and maroon, as well as white. At the center of the flower are prominent, green, nectar-containing sacs and a number of yellow stamens. Commonly known as the lenten rose or winter rose, the perennials of this species were favorities of Gertrude Jekyll (1843-1935), a passionate English expert gardener and designer.


CULTIVATION


Helleborus species prefer cooler climates and woodland conditions with deep, fertile, humus-rich, well-drained soil and dappled shade. Some of the smaller types of plants are suitable for rockeries. Many species benefit from having old foliage removed when the plants are dormant. Propagate by division or from seed.


Top Tip


All Helleborus species are toxic and the sap can cause skin irritation, so exercise caution when handling. Keep out of reach of children.

HELIANTHUS

It is not hard to see why this genus has the common name sunflower: it not only accurately describes the shape of the blooms but also refers to the way the flowerhead turns to follow the sun during the day. This genus contains about 70 annuals and perennials, mostly from the Americas, and is probably best known for the common or giant sunflower, Helianthus annuus, which is widely grown as a garden plant as well as commercially for its seeds and the oil extracted from them. This spectacular species is also the state flower of Kansas. Plants are usually tall, with hairy and often sticky leaves, and tall bristly stems. The flowerheads grow above the foliage and are large, daisylike, and nearly always yellow.


CULTIVATION


Plant sunflowers in a sunny open position that has fertile, moist, and well-drained soil. Propagate the annuals from seed and the perennials either by division or from cuttings taken from the base of the plant.


Top Tip


Allergy sufferes will appreciate the pollenless sun-flower cultivars that are now available, while birds will enjoy the nutritious seed heads that develop in the central disc.

HELENIUM

This mainly North American genus belongs to the daisy family and contains about 40 species of annuals, biennials, and perennials. Most species form an upright foliage clump and have simple, lance-shaped, light green leaves, usually covered with fine hairs. From mid-summer until well into autumn they produce large daisy like flowerheads, consisting of a central cone or disc floret surrounded by large and often slightly drooping ray florets. The central disc is usually yellow as may be the surrounding ray florets, although more often these are in contrasting shades of orange or red. Helenium species are commonly known as aneeze-weed because Native Americans traditionally used the powered flowers from certain species to make snuff.


CULTIVATION


Hardiness varies but most species are very frost tolerant. Plant them in a sunny open position in moist well-drained soil. Deadhead regularly to prolong the flowering period. Propagate by division, from cuttings taken from shoots at the base of the plant, or from seed.


Top Tip


Helenium species are easy to grow and do not require much attention. The taller varieties may need staking and can be planted along fences.

HEDYCHIUM

This genus, commonly known as ginger lily or garland lily, is a member of the giner family and includes some 40 species of perennials native to tropical Asia, the Himalayan region, and Madagascar. Strong canelike tems with large deep green leaves, similar to the canna lily, emerge from heavy fleshy rhizomes. Ginger lilies are grown for their colorful and highly fragrant flowerheads, which are made up of a number of slender mostly tubular-shaped flowers that have protruding anthers. The flowers appear in summer and are mainly yellow or pink in color, although in some species they can be bright red. The fragrant roots of several Hedchium species are used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine.


CULTIVATION


These plants are mostly tolerant of light frosts and are capable of reshooting from the root stock. They are best planted in sun or shade with moist, humus-rich, well-drained soil. Cut back the stems of spent flowers and any old unproductive canes to encourage new growth. Water liberally during the growing season and add liquid fertilizer once a month. Propagate by division or from seed.


Top Tip


When the foliage of Hedychium species dies down, the fleshy stems can be lifted and overwintered, to be replaced in spring.

HEBE

This genus consists of about 100 species of evergreen shrubs primarily native to New Zealand, although a handful come from South America and Australia. Species grow in a wide range of habitats, from coastal areas to alpine regions, and may be shrubby, treelike, compact, or sprawling. These are 2 distinct foliage groups; those with oval to lance-shaped leaves, and those with smaller compressed leaves that give the plants the appearance of conifers; these are known as whipcord hebes. While some species are grown for their attractive light to dark green foliage, most are grown for their abundant spikes of small tubular-shaped flowers in shades of white, pink, deep purple, and crimson.


CULTIVATION


Most herbs prefer a sunny position and will tolerate a wide range of soil conditions. Several of the species perform well in coastal situations. They vary in terms of frost hardiness, with the bigger-leafed species being more frost sensitive than the smaller-leafed species. Prune after flowering to maintain a tidy compact shape. Propagation of the species is from seed or half-hardened cuttings in late summer.


Top Tip


Herbes benefit from an application of liquid fertilizer each month during the growing season. During winter they should only be watered periodically.

GYPSOPHILA

Related to the carnations and commonly known as baby's breath, the 100-odd annuals and perennials in this genus occur naturally throughout Eurasia. They range from spreading mat-forming plants studded with pink or white blooms to upright shrubby species with billowing heads of tiny flowers. Their simple linear to lance-shaped leaves are sometimes rather fleshy and often blue-green. The flowering season is only short lived, but it can be prolonged by resowing every 3 weeks to give continuous blooms. Gypsophila paniculata and its cultivars are popular cut flowers that are often used by florists to add to bunches of brighter bolder blooms as backing foliage. They can also be used successfully in dried flower arrangements.


CULTIVATION


Gypsophila means chalk-loving, but most species are happy in any neutral to slightly alkaline soil that is fertile, moist, and well-drained. Mat-forming species are excellent rockery plants. Plant in full sun. Larger types will often rebloom if cut back after their first flush. Propagate from basal cuttings or seed.


Top Tip


Not fussy about soil type, summer-flowering baby's breath will quickly fill bare areas of the garden where a burst of color and speedy coverage are needed.

GLADIOLUS

When people think of Gladiolus, the plants that most often come to mind are those tall-spiked large-flowered hybrids derived primarily from South African species. However, this iris family (iridaceae) genus includes 180-odd species of corms distributed from Europe to western Asia and South Africa, many of which are quite different from the showy hybrids. Those species with less colorful flowers are sometimes scented. The name Gladiolus comes from the Latin gladius (a sword), and refers to the long sword-shaped foliage of most species; this feature has also given rise to the common name, sword lilies. Roasted Gladiolus corms were a food source for southern African tribes and are reputed to taste like chestnuts.


CULTIVATION


Plant the corms in full sun in well-drained soil, at 4 times their own depth. In cold areas corms will survive outdoors if planted below freezing depth; othersie lift them and store dry for winter. Propagation is by growing on the tiny cormlets.


Top Tip


If growing gladioli for cut flowers, choose cultivars- with their large showy blooms- rather than species. Cut when the lower flowers open.

GERANIUM

The plants often called "geraniums" in fact belong in the genus Pelargonium. While both genera are members of the geranium family (Geraniaceae), the true geraniums are a very different group of over 300 species of perennials and subshrubs that are at times evergreen, and are widespread in the temperate zones. Their often finely hairy leaves are usually hand-shaped, with toothed lobes. They bloom is spring and summer and have simple, flat, 5-petalled flowers in pink or purple-blue shades, less often white or darker purpose-black. The plant's common name, cranesbill, is attributed to the shape of its long narrow fruits, which somewhat resemble a crane's long beak. The genus name Geranium is derived from the Greek word geranos (crane).


CULTIVATION


Most species are hardy and will grow in a wide range of conditions, preferring sun or semi-shade and moist humus-rich soil. The roots can be invasive. Geraniums are appealing as ground covers, in rockeries, and as part of flower borders. Propagate by division or from cuttings or seed; these plants may self-sow.


Top Tip


Easily divided, geraniums can be used to fill any bare patches in the garden. They can quickly fill an area, and may need to be thinned out and pruned to maintain a tidy appearance.

GENTIANA

This genus of 400 or so species of annuals, biennials, and perennials is widely distributed and is the type genus for its family, the Gentianaceae. Although they range from tiny tufted alpines to species with tall erect flower stems, most form a compact clump of simple pointed leaves, sometimes in rosettes. The flowers, which may be borne singly among the foliage or clustered on upright or over-arching stems, are trumpet- or bell-shaped, and mostly brilliant blue. If not blue, many gentian flowers are white, cream, yellow, or purple. Some gentians have medicinal uses, and the same honors Gentius, King of Illyria, who in 180 B.C. was cited by Pliny as having discovered these properties.


CULTIVATION


Gentiana species generally prefer a climate with distinct seasons. They grow best in sun or part-shade in moist, well-drained, humus-rich soil. The small species thrive in rockeries or flower borders. Propagate by division in early spring or raise from fresh seed in autumn.


Top Tip


Mostly alpine species, Gentiana plants do not do well under the searing heat of the sun in warmer climates, and should be sited where they are given some shade.

GAZANIA

Commonly known as treasure flowers, the 16 species of annuals and perennials in this daisy family (Asterceae) genus are found mainly in South Africa, with a few species extending the range to the tropics. They are low-growing, near-evergreen, clump-forming plants with simple, narrow, lance-shaped, sometimes downy leaves with pale undersides. Their flowers, which appear throughout the warmer months, are the main attraction as they are large, bringhtly colored, often interestingly marked, and showy. While the species usually have yellow or orange flowers, garden forms are available in a huge color range. The genus was named for Theodore of Gaza (1398-1478), who translated the botanical texts of Theophrastus from Greek into Latin.


CULTIVATION


Apart from being somewhat frost tender and resenting wet winters, they are easily grown in any sunny position in gritty free-draining soil. Propagate by division or from basal cuttings in autumn, or raise from seed in late winter.


Top Tip


Gazanias can add color to the seaside garden, as they are extremely tolerant of coastal conditions. Most species are able to withstand poor dry soils, but appreciate additional humus under these conditions.

GARDENIA

This genus in the madder family (Rubiaceae) consists of around 250 species, the majority found in the tropics of Africa and Asia. Mostly evergreen shrubs or small trees, they have opposite or whorled, simple, shiny, deep green leaves. The fragrant, large, tubular to funnel-shaped flowers can be white or yellow and are produced singly or in semi-double and double forms along or at the ends of branches. The fruit is a leathery or fleshy berry with many seeds. Gardenias are attractive landscape subjects and make wonderful container plants. The beautiful flowers have made this genus popular in cultivation throughout the world and a favorite with florists; they are popular flowers for corsages and buttonholes. The flowers of some species are used to perfume tea.


CULTIVATION


Most species perform best in a well-drained, humus-rich, acidic soil. When in growth, mulch with good quality compost and fertilezer, with adequate summer watering. In cool climates grow in a heated greenhouse, as gardenias are frost tender. Propagate from seed or leafy tip or half-hardened cuttings in late spring and summer.


Top Tip


Contrary to their elegant appearance, gardenias are quite resilient evergreen shrubs. They can tolerate sun or part-shade, but do not do well in desert climates.

GALANTHUS

Probably the most welcome harbinger of spring, this normally late winter-flowering Eurasian genus of 15 bulbs in the amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae) also includes a few species that bloom in autumn. The narrow grassy leaves usually break through shortly after mid-winter, followed by short flower stems that each carry 1 pendulous, white, mildly scented, 6-petalled flower. The inner 3 petals are short and green-tipped. Double-flowered forms are also available. Familiarly known as snowdrop, the genus name Galanthus comes from the Greek gala (milk) and anthos (a flower), referring to the color of the flower. According to Christian legend, the snowdrop first bloomed to coincide with the Feast ofPurification held on February2, known as Candlemas Day.


CULTIVATION


Galanthus plants perform best in cool-temperate climates and thrive in woodland or rockery conditions. They prefer dappled shade; moist humus-rich soil; and, while very hardy, do need watering during dry times. They may be propagated from seed but usually multiply quickly enough so that division after the foliage dies back is more practical.


Top Tip


Do not allow divided snowdrop bulbs to dry out. Plant promptly, at a depth of 3 in (8 cm), and a similar distance apart.

GAILLARDIA

Discovered in the Rocky Mountains around 1825, this genus of around 30 specie of annual, blennial, and perennial daisies (family Asteraceae) occurs mainly in the southern U.S.A. and Mexco. The common name of blanket flower comes from a Native American legend of a blanket maker who the spirits rewarded with an ever-blooming blanket of flowers on this grave. Appropriately, these small mounding plants are covered in summer and autumn with vivid flowersheads. They ray florets and typically red at the center with a yellow outer half. Cultivated garden forms occur in warm tones and have long flowering periods.


CULTIVATION


Hardiness varies, though they are so easily cultivated that replacing any winter caualties is no problem. Plant in full sun in well-drained soil that remains moist during the growing season. Propagate from seed or basal cuttings.


Top Tip 


Perennial Gaillardia plants should be cut back in late summer. Once winter is over, these plants can then be carefully divided to increase their numbers.

FUCHSIA

There are about 100 species of evergreen or deciduous spreading or climbing shrubs and small to medium-sized trees in this genus, almost all of which come from South and Central America, with a few from New Zealand. They have long mid- to deep green leaves growing in whorls on stems but it is their arresting flowerheads that have attracted the interest of gardeners and have given rise to many thousands of hybrids and cultivars. The hanging flowers are mostly tubular, growing singly or in clusters along the stem and come in shades of red, white, pink, and purple, as well as bicolored. Fuchsias are ideal in hedges, hanging baskets, or trained on espaliers.


CULTIVATION


Moderately frost hardy to frost tender, these plants require moist but well-drained fertile soil in sun or partial shade, and some shelter from wind. Propagate the species from seeds and cuttings. Cultivars are propagated from softwood cuttings in spring or half-hardened cuttings in late summer.


Top Tip


Most fuchsias are frost tender and benefit from being potted up and sheltered over winter. Hardy types can stay in the ground but need generous mulching to protect their root systems.

FRITILLARIA

A member of the lily family, this genus of about 100 species includes some rare species that are coveted by many plant collectors. Most are native to the Balkans and the Mediterranean, though species also occur in much of the temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere. The leaves are narrow and simple with tubular or bell-shaped pendulous flowers borne on erect stems. Petals may be alternately colored, striped, or speckled, often in rather unusual colors, such as chocolate, lime green, sulfur yellow, dusky rose, and even gray. Both the genus and common namke (fritiallary) derive from the Latin word fritillus, meaning checkered dice box, an image suggested by the alternately colored flower petals.


CULTIVATION


These generally frost-hardy plants prefer a climate with distinct seasons. Most species grow well in rockeries or woodland conditions in part-shade with moist, humus-rich, very well-drained soil. Propagation is by seed.


Top Tip


Not every Fritillaria species is easy to grow; good species to start with are F. imperialis, F. meleagris, and F. michailovskyi. Use in herbaceous borders or pots.

FREMONTODENDRON

There are 3 species of evergreen shrubs in this genus from southwestern North America and Mexico. The lobed leaves vary in shape from almost rounded to a pointed oval, while color varies from dull to dark green. The eye-catching flowers are large, bowl-shaped, and have 5 petallike sepals, usually a bright golden color, though one extremely rare species has copper-colored flowers. Flowers are borne in flushes from spring onwards, sometimes appearing for many months. The genus gets its unusual common name, flannel bush, from the dense covering of fine bronze bristles on the stems, undersides of the leaves, flower buds, and seed capcules. These may irritate the skin if brushed.


CULTIVATION


These shrubs require a sunny sheltered site and in cool climates they need the protection of a wall. Poor dry soils suit them best as rich soils produce an excess of foliage rather than flowers. Once established, they should not be moved. Avoid over-watering, Propagate from seed and softwood or half-hardened cuttings.


Top Tip


A little care is needed with these plants. Rich soils can reduce the plant's life span, as can too much moisture and root disturbance. Key factors are sunshine, shelter, and protection from frost.

FORSYTHIA

This genus of about 7 species of deciduous shrubs belongs to the Oleaceae family and occurs mainly in open woodland in eastern Asia, with the exception of 1 species, which derives from southeastern Europe. The simple, narrow, blunt-toothed leaves grow in opposite pairs on the softwooded stems, which branch upwards from the ground. The starry bright yellow flowers are a cheerful sight in early spring, appearing as they do sometimes before the season's new leaves. Some species have slightly hanging branches that can be trained over a support to form an attractive wall plant. The bright blossoms are believed to herald the beginning of spring in China and Japan, and as such are highly valued.


CULTIVATION


These frost-hardy plants are easy to grow. They need an open sunny position, a well-drained fertile soil, as well as adequate water in summer and freezing temperatures in winter to encourage flowering. Propagate from soft-tip cuttings in summer or hardwood cuttings in winter.


Top Tip


Flowers are borne on the over-wintered year-old shoots; remove order shoots when flowering has finished to make room for new shoots that arise from the base.

FELICIA

Commonly known as the kingfisher daisy due to its brilliant blue flowers, this genus includes around 80 species of annuals, perennials, and subshrubs naturally occurring from southern Africa to the Arabian Peninsula. Mainly low-growing plants, they have simple oblong leaves that are often covered with fine bristly hairs. The daisylike flowers are made up of a central yellow disc floret surrounded by a brightly colored flowerhead, which is often sky blue, although it may be pink or white. Felicia species bloom throughout much of spring and summer, and are suitable for rock gardens, containers, and beds. The genus was named for Herr Felix, a nineteenth-century mayor of Regensburg, a town on the Danube.


CULTIVATION


These plants are reasonably hardy but will only withstand light frost. The perennials and subshrubs are best suited to a mild climate with warm summers and dry winters. Plant in full sun with light, gritty, well-drained soil. Propagate from cuttings taken in late summer or autumn, or from seed in spring.


Top Tip


These plants need a little attention to keep them tidy. Regular deadheading and pruning of straggly stems will control spread and extend the flowering season.

AQUILEGIA

This genus belongs to the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae), and contains around 70 species found over much of the temperate and subarctic Northern Hemisphere. These clump-forming perennials have fine-stemmed, often blue-green foliage that emerges from a woody rootstock. The flowering stems usually reach above the foliage and carry attractive, spurred, bell-shaped, often pendulous flowers in shades of blue and purple, as well as red, yellow, and white. The flowering period can vary among the species; some bloom through much of late spring and summer, others are short-flowering. In contrast to its common name, granny's bonnet, Aquilegia is derived from the Latin aquila (eagle) and lego (to gather), suggesting that the spurs situated at the base of the flower resemble the closing talons of an eagle.

CULTIVATION

This is an adaptable gnus, with species and varieties suitable for a range of situations including woodlands, rockeries, and perennial borders. Generally, a cool-winter climate and a position in partial shade with cool, moist, humus-rich, well-drained soil is best. Certain species can be very attractive to aphids. Propagation is usually by seed, through some species can be divided when dormant.

Top Tip

These plants are fairly easy to grow, and are suited to sunny herbaceous borders. As they hybridize freely, plant different types some distance apart.

ANIRRHINUM

Naturally  occurring in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, this genus of around 40 species of annuals, perennials, and subshrubs belongs in the flwort family (Scrophulariaceae). The best-known types are the garden annuals, loved by children for the way the mouth of the flower opens and closes with squeezing, hence they are commonly called snapdragon-althogh the genus name means nose-like. Most species are compact plants that form a low shrubby mound of simple rounded to lance-shaped leaves, some-times with a gray-green tint. Flowering stms develop from late spring and carry heads of the familiar 2-lipped tubular blooms from early summer into autumn. Snapdragon seed is rich in oil, which in former times was extracted and used like olive oil.

CULTIVATION

Snapdragons grow best in a fertile, moist, humus-rich soil in full sun. The Mediterranean species are reasonably drought tolerant but still need moisture to flower well. Deadhead to extend the flowering season. Tall plants may need staking. Rust diseases can cause problems in humid conditions. Propagation is usually by seed, through perennials will grow from cuttings of non-flowering stems.

Top Tip

Although they are short-lived perennials, Antirrhinum majus cultivars are best treated as annuals. Older plants are at greater risk of disease, and flower quality fades after the first year.

EUSTOMA

Formerly classified as Lisianthus, these long-stemmed gentian relatives (family Gentianaceae) are widely cultivated as cut flowers. Also commonly known as prairie gentians or Texas bluebells, there are 3 annual or short-lived perennial species in this genus, which are found from southern U.S.A. to northern South America. They form clumps of succulent oval to narrowly elliptical leaves, and from spring to summer produces showy funnel- to bell-shaped flowers. Specie sometimes carry their flowers singly, but the cultivated plants have long stems that produce a profusion of eye-catching blooms in a wide range of color. Lisianthus means "bitter flower;" this refers to the taste of the flowers, which were traditionally used in herbal medicine by Native Americans.


CULTIVATION


Eustoma plants are usually cultivated as annuals. Slow growing, they need lengthy warm conditions to flower well. Plant in full or half sun in fertile, moist, well-drained soil. The flower stems are best staked. Propagation can be from cuttings, but it is better to raise plants from seed. Sow in early autumn for spring flowers.


Top Tip


Although Eustoma species are classified as perennials, they do not perform very well beyond their first season. It is advised to replace the plants after flowering with fresh stock.

EUPHORBIA

This large genus of around 2,000 species of annuals, perennials, shrubs, and trees, both evergreen and deciduous, is distributed throughout the world. It covers a diverse range of forms and natural habitats, from the spiny and succulent cactuslike species of hot dry areas to leafy perennials from cooler temperate climate. The tru flowers, borne singly or in clussters, are very small and insignificant, but are often accompanied by long-lasting, colorful, petallike bracts. All species contain a irritation and, sometimes, temporary blindness on contract with the eyes. The purgative qualities of the sap are acknowledged in the common name spurge, from the Latin word expurgare, meaning to purge.


CULTIVATION


The diversity of form makes it difficult to generalize cultivation requirements. Consider the plant's natural habitat, and provide similar growing conditions. Because of the toxicity of the sap, care should always be taken when handling these plants. Some species are propagated from seed or by division, while others grow from stem-tip cuttings.


Top Tip


One of the most popular Euphorbia species is the poinsettia from Mexico (E.pulcherrima), which need fertile soil and plenty of sunshine to grow successfully.

EUCOMIS

This mainly South African genus, which is made up of 15 species of bulbs, is classified in the hyacinth family (Hyacinthaceae). The species have glossy, light green, strappy leaves and form large clumps of basal foliage rosettes. In summer they produce long stems bearing simple, star-shaped , mostly green to white flowers with an inteesting tuft of foliage at the top, rather like that atop a pineapple-hence they are commonly known as pineapple lilies, (As well,the genus name comes from the Greek eukomos, which means lovely haired.) The flower stems are often arching and may fall over under their own weight. They make attractive cut decorations and last for weeks in water. The bulbs are edible and were used as a food source by tribespeople in Africa.


CULTIVATION


Of variable hardiness, the most commonly cultivated species in this genus are reasonably tough. In frosty areas they can be safely stored for winter indoors as dormant bulbs in moist soil. Plant out in full sun in moist, humus-rich, well-drained soil. Propagation is usually by division, but Eucomis species can be raised from seed and may self-sow.


Top Tip


Use Eucomis species indoors as a potted plant to create an interesting focal point. If repotted each year, they will thrive and flower for years.

EUCALYPTUS

Most of the approximately 700 species in this genus of evergreen trees are native to Australia. They belong to the myrtle family, noted for its aromatic leaves. Eucalypts range in size from immense, single-trunk, forest trees to the small multi-stemmed shrubs called mallees. Various distinctive bark types have given rise to many common names such as gums, boxes, stringybarks, and ironbarks. The eucalypt flower bud has an enlarged floral receptacle and a cap, which covers numerous stammens and is shed when the flower opens. The many fluffy stamens may be white, cream, yellow, pink, or red. Eucalypts are adaptable to a wide range of climatic conditions and are cultivated in many parts of the worls.


CULTIVATION


Most species are fast grown and long lived, and once established require little artificial watering or fertilizer. They are best suited to warm-temperate or semi-arid regions. Frost hardiness varies, as do requirements for moist or dry conditions. Propagate from seed, which germinates readily.


Top Tip


Pruning is not essential, though many Eucalyptus species can be cut back and shaped if desired.

ESCHSCHOLZIA

Native to western North America and now widely naturalized, this poppy family (Papaveraceae) genus is made up of around 8 annuals and short-lived perennials. Commonly known as California poppies, they have fine feathery foliage, which is often a rather grayish green, and in summer produce masses of bright, golden yellow, 4-to 8-petalled blooms that only open on sunny days. Modern seed strains flower in a wide color range. Long seed capsules follow. The genus was named in 1820 after Johann Friedrich Eschscholz (17931831).leader of the Russian expedition on which it was first collected in 1916. The seeds were among the many taken to England by the Scottish botanist David Douglas.


CULTIVATION


Very easily grown in any sunny position in light, gritty, well-drained soil, Eschscholzia species often self-sow and naturalize, especially in gravel riverbeds. Most are very frost hardy and tolerate poor soil. Deadhead regularly to prolong flowering. Raise from seed in spring, which is best sown directly where the plants are to grow as they do not transplant well.


Top Tip


Undemanding annuals, these plants are ideal for filling large areas of ground with color. They require little care and reward with colorful blooms.

ERYSIMUM

Formerly listed under Cheiranthus, this genus consists of 80 or so annuals, perennials, and subshrubs. Erysimum species are found mainly in Europe, western Asia, and western North America, and are popularly known as wallflowers. They have simple narrow leaves, are mainly evergreen, and range from rockery dwarfs to medicum-sized shrubs. Flower stems, tall in the larger species, appear mainly over spring and summer, and also in winter in mild climates. The heads carry dense clusters of small 4-petalled blooms that are often richly fragrant. The petals are usually yellow but may also be orange, red, or mauve. The old genus name, Cheiranthus, meaning "hand-flower", refers to the custom dating to the Middle Ages when the sweetly scented flowers were often carried in the hand at festivals and events.


CULTIVATION


Wallflowers like cool summers and mild winters. Plant in a sunny open position in moist well-drained soil. If perennials become woody they should be cut back hard.Annuals are raised from seed; perennials are propagated from cuttings of non-flowering stems.


Top Tip


Choose evergreen long-flowering wallflowers for container planting. The container can be moved around the garden wherever color and/or fragrance is needed.